Urologists

Document or review patients' histories.

AI: Fully automatable - AI systems can reliably document and summarize patient histories and flag relevant items from records, effectively automating much of the history documentation and review process.

Diagnose or treat diseases or disorders of genitourinary organs and tracts including erectile dysfunction (ED), infertility, incontinence, bladder cancer, prostate cancer, urethral stones, or premature ejaculation.

AI: Partial - AI can assist in diagnosing and recommending treatments for genitourinary conditions using imaging, labs, and guidelines, but cannot fully perform clinical evaluations, invasive procedures, or assume therapeutic responsibility.

Order and interpret the results of diagnostic tests, such as prostate specific antigen (PSA) screening, to detect prostate cancer.

AI: Partial - AI can recommend which tests to order and provide probabilistic interpretations of PSA and other results, but ordering and definitive clinical interpretation/action remain clinician responsibilities.

Perform abdominal, pelvic, or retroperitoneal surgeries.

AI: Partial - AI and robotic systems can assist with planning and intraoperative guidance for abdominal, pelvic, or retroperitoneal surgeries, but fully autonomous performance without a surgeon in the loop is not generally achievable by 2025.

Examine patients using equipment, such as radiograph (x-ray) machines or fluoroscopes, to determine the nature and extent of disorder or injury.

AI: Partial - AI is strong at interpreting radiographs and fluoroscopic images, but cannot generally perform the physical patient examination and imaging acquisition autonomously across clinical settings.

Treat lower urinary tract dysfunctions using equipment such as diathermy machines, catheters, cystoscopes, or radium emanation tubes.

AI: Partial - AI can guide and support treatments for lower urinary tract dysfunctions and optimize device settings, yet cannot independently perform invasive procedures using catheters, cystoscopes, or similar equipment.

Prescribe or administer antibiotics, antiseptics, or compresses to treat infection or injury.

AI: Partial - By 2025 AI can generate appropriate antibiotic/antiseptic prescriptions and treatment plans but cannot autonomously administer treatments or legally replace clinician oversight and judgment.

Provide urology consultation to physicians or other health care professionals.

AI: Partial - AI can produce high-quality urology consultation recommendations and differential diagnoses, but human specialists are still required for final responsibility, contextual judgement, and medico-legal sign-off.

Treat urologic disorders using alternatives to traditional surgery such as extracorporeal shock wave lithotripsy, laparoscopy, or laser techniques.

AI: Partial - Robotics and AI can assist planning and intraoperative guidance for lithotripsy, laparoscopy, and lasers, but fully autonomous execution of these complex procedures is not broadly validated or permitted in 2025.

Direct the work of nurses, residents, or other staff to provide patient care.

AI: Partial - AI can optimize workflows and suggest task assignments for nurses and trainees, but cannot fully assume the supervisory, legal, and interpersonal responsibilities of directing clinical staff.

Refer patients to specialists when condition exceeds experience, expertise, or scope of practice.

AI: Partial - AI can reliably identify cases needing specialist referral and recommend appropriate referrals, yet final referral decisions and coordination remain clinician-led and subject to system/process constraints.

Perform brachytherapy, cryotherapy, high intensity focused ultrasound (HIFU), or photodynamic therapy to treat prostate or other cancers.

AI: Partial - AI can assist treatment planning and device control for brachytherapy, cryotherapy, HIFU, and photodynamic therapy, but these specialized interventions still require skilled clinicians for execution and oversight.

Teach or train medical and clinical staff.

AI: Partial - AI provides scalable educational content, simulation, and assessment tools for training clinical staff, but cannot fully replace human educators for mentorship, hands-on skills coaching, and professional development.

Prescribe medications to treat patients with erectile dysfunction (ED), infertility, or ejaculation problems.

AI: Partial - AI can recommend evidence-based medication options for ED, infertility, or ejaculation disorders, but prescribing authority, individualized risk assessment, and follow-up require clinician involvement.